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Free scope and sequences, TEKS breakdowns, phenomenon ideas, and engagement activities for the 2024 Texas science standards.

I'm Chris Kesler, a former award-winning Texas middle school science teacher. This is the site I wish I'd had in the classroom. One hub with TEKS breakdowns, scope and sequences, phenomenon starters, engagement ideas, and resources, all aligned to the standards you actually teach.

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All standards updated for the 2024 TEKS revision

TEKS Details | Texas Hub Module

4th Grade TEKS Standards

Click any standard to see what it means, how to teach it, where students get stuck, and aligned resources.

TEKS S.4.7 • Force & Motion

Patterns of Forces & Motion

The Standard

"Plan and conduct descriptive investigations to explore the patterns of forces such as gravity, friction, or magnetism in contact or at a distance on an object."

💡 What This Standard Actually Means

The Key Verb

"Plan and conduct". This is the standard where 4th graders are running their own investigations. Not following a recipe out of a textbook, but actually thinking about what they want to test, setting it up, and writing down what they observe. The forces named in the standard are gravity, friction, and magnetism. Some forces work in contact (a finger pushing a book, a rough floor slowing down a sliding shoe). Others work at a distance (gravity pulling something to the ground without touching it, a magnet attracting a paperclip from across the desk). The pattern part is repeating the test over and over and noticing what happens every time.

4.7 is the force standard, but it's also the investigation standard. The TEKS doesn't just want kids to know what gravity, friction, and magnetism are. It wants them to design a test, run it, and describe the pattern they see in their data. That's what "plan and conduct descriptive investigations" means. Pick a force. Pick something to test it on. Run the test a few times. Write down what happened.

The three forces named in the standard each work a little differently. Gravity pulls everything toward Earth without ever touching it. Drop anything. It falls. Friction happens when two surfaces touch and rub against each other. A shoe sliding on a smooth floor goes far. The same shoe sliding on carpet stops fast. Magnetism is a force that pulls magnetic objects toward magnets. Some magnetism works through contact (a magnet stuck to a refrigerator) and some works at a distance (a magnet pulling a paperclip across a table without touching it).

The big idea hiding in the word "patterns" is that forces are predictable. If you drop a pencil 10 times, it falls down 10 times. If you slide the same toy car across the same surface 10 times, it stops at about the same spot. If you bring the same magnet close to the same paperclip 10 times, the paperclip jumps to it 10 times. By the end of this unit, kids should be designing simple tests, running them more than once, and using the results to describe the pattern of how a force behaves.

💬 From Chris's Classroom

If I were teaching 4.7, I'd resist the temptation to do a single big "forces lab" with all three forces happening at once. Kids rolling cars, dropping objects, and waving magnets around together turns into chaos with nobody actually noticing patterns. I'd break it into three mini-investigations: a gravity day, a friction day, and a magnetism day. On gravity day, every kid drops the same paper at three different heights and times each fall three times. On friction day, every kid pushes the same toy car across three different surfaces (tile, paper towel, sandpaper) three times each. On magnetism day, every kid moves the same magnet at increasing distances from the same paperclip and records the closest distance where it jumps. Three days, three forces, three patterns. The repetition is what makes the patterns visible. Don't skip the "repeat each trial" step. That's where the science actually happens.

⚠️ Misconceptions Your Students May Have

These are some of the most common misconceptions. Knowing what to look for can help you get ahead of them.

"Heavier things fall faster than lighter things"

✓

If air resistance isn't a problem, gravity pulls everything down at the same rate. Drop a heavy textbook and a small eraser from the same height at the same time. They hit the floor together. The only thing that messes this up is air slowing down very light, fluffy things like a feather or a tissue. The pull of gravity itself doesn't care how heavy the object is.

"Friction is bad and we should always try to get rid of it"

✓

Friction stops you from sliding around like you're on ice all the time. When you walk, friction between your shoes and the floor keeps you from falling. When you write, friction between the pencil and the paper makes the line. Friction is what lets cars stop at red lights. Yes, sometimes engineers want less friction (slippery slides, oiled bike chains), but most of the time friction is the helpful force that keeps things in their place.

"Magnets attract anything metal"

✓

Magnets only pull on certain metals: iron, nickel, steel, and a few others. They don't pull on aluminum, copper, or gold. Test it with a paperclip, a soda can, and a penny. The paperclip jumps right up. The soda can and penny don't move. "Metal" and "magnetic" aren't the same thing. You have to test it to know.

"Forces only work when things are touching"

✓

Some forces don't need touch at all. Gravity pulls a falling pencil to the floor without ever touching it. A magnet can attract a paperclip from across a desk without making contact. Forces that work without touch are called "forces at a distance," and they're just as real as a hand pushing a book. The TEKS specifically calls out forces "in contact or at a distance."

📓 Teaching Resources for 4.7

These resources are aligned to this standard.

Complete 5E Lesson

Investigate Patterns of Forces Complete Science Lesson

The full unit for 4.7: differentiated station labs, editable presentations, interactive notebooks (English + Spanish), student-choice projects, and assessments covering gravity, friction, and magnetism in contact and at a distance. Built on the 5E model.

⏱ Best for: Full unit coverage • Multiple class periods

Station Lab

Investigate Patterns of Forces Station Lab

9-station hands-on lab where 4th graders plan and conduct descriptive investigations to explore patterns of gravity, friction, and magnetism. Input stations (Explore It!, Watch It!, Read It!, Research It!) and output stations (Organize It!, Illustrate It!, Write It!, Assess It!). Print and digital. English and Spanish.

🔬 Best for: Core instruction • 1-2 class periods

Student Choice Projects

Investigate Patterns of Forces Student Choice Projects

Choice board with nine project options plus a "design your own" pathway. Students show what they know about gravity, friction, and magnetism through writing, building, illustrating, presenting, or digital formats.

🎓 Best for: Project-based assessment • 2-3 class periods

🌎 Phenomenon Ideas for 4.7

Use these real-world phenomena to anchor your lesson. Show students the phenomenon first, let them wonder, then build toward Patterns of Forces & Motion as the explanation.

🔎

Phenomenon 1

The Drop Race

Hold a heavy textbook in one hand and a small eraser in the other. Stretch your arms out at the same height. Ask the kids to predict which will hit the floor first. Most will guess the textbook. Drop them at the same time. They hit together. Do it again. They hit together. Same pattern, every time. Gravity treats them both the same.

💬 Discussion Prompt

"You probably thought the heavier book would win. What pattern did we actually see? Why does gravity pull both objects toward the ground at the same speed?"

🔎

Phenomenon 2

The Tablecloth Friction Hill

Lay three "ramps" on a stack of books at the same angle: one with no covering, one covered in slick paper, one covered in sandpaper. Roll the same toy car down each ramp. The slick paper ramp sends the car flying. The plain ramp sends it a medium distance. The sandpaper ramp barely lets the car move. Same car, same hill height, totally different distances.

💬 Discussion Prompt

"The car and the hill were the same every time. So why did the distance change so much? What was the only thing different about the three ramps?"

🔎

Phenomenon 3

The Invisible Pull

Place a paperclip on the desk. Hold a strong magnet six inches above it. Slowly lower the magnet. Right at about three inches, the paperclip jumps off the desk and sticks to the magnet, even though they never touched. Repeat the demo with a piece of paper between the magnet and paperclip. Same thing happens. The paper doesn't block the magnet's pull.

💬 Discussion Prompt

"How did the magnet move the paperclip without ever touching it? Why didn't the paper get in the way? What does this tell us about forces that work at a distance?"

💡 Free Engagement Ideas for 4.7

Plan-Your-Own Friction Investigation

Each group gets a toy car, a ramp made from a book, and three surface samples (tile floor, carpet, sandpaper, paper towel, fleece). They plan a test answering: "Which surface creates the most friction?" They write their plan, run three trials on each surface, measure how far the car traveled with a ruler or measuring tape, and graph the results. The "plan and conduct" verb gets practiced for real.

Materials: Toy car, books for ramps, surface samples, ruler/measuring tape, planning sheet, graph paper

Gravity Drop Stations

Three stations: one drops a tennis ball, one drops a paperclip, one drops a balled-up paper. At each station, kids drop the object three times from the same height and time the fall with a phone stopwatch. Then they compare averages across stations. The pattern shows up loud and clear: heavier and lighter objects fall at almost the same time, but very fluffy/light things fall slower because of air. Connects gravity with the pattern verb.

Materials: Tennis ball, paperclips, paper, stopwatch (phone or kitchen timer), recording sheet

Magnet Distance Measure-Off

Tape a paperclip down to a tabletop. Each pair of kids gets a magnet and a ruler. They slowly slide the magnet closer to the paperclip until the paperclip jumps to the magnet. Measure the distance and record it. Repeat three times to find the pattern. Then test through different barriers (paper, cardboard, a thin book) and see whether the distance changes. Hands-on intro to "force at a distance."

Materials: Paperclips, masking tape, magnets (one per pair), rulers, paper, cardboard, thin book, recording sheet

Force Hunt Around the Room

Hand each kid a clipboard with a chart: "Force I observed | What happened | Was it contact or at a distance?" Give them 10 minutes to walk around the room finding examples. A student pushing in a chair (friction, contact). A pencil rolling off a desk (gravity, at a distance). A magnet on the file cabinet (magnetism, contact). They have to find at least three examples of each force. Then they share with the class.

Materials: Clipboards, recording charts, pencils

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Texas Science Teacher Resource Hub

🚀 Jump to Your Grade

4th Grade TEKS Standards

Patterns of Forces & Motion

💡 What This Standard Actually Means

⚠️ Misconceptions Your Students May Have

📓 Teaching Resources for 4.7

🌎 Phenomenon Ideas for 4.7

The Drop Race

The Tablecloth Friction Hill

The Invisible Pull

💡 Free Engagement Ideas for 4.7

Plan-Your-Own Friction Investigation

Gravity Drop Stations

Magnet Distance Measure-Off

Force Hunt Around the Room

Year-at-a-Glance Pacing Guides

Trusted Across Texas

Texas Schools and DistrictsLove Kesler Science

What Teachers Are Saying

Give Your Science Teachers Everything They Need

See It in Action

Texas Schools and Districts
Love Kesler Science